“Do we have to tell her?” — a son with lasting power of attorney
An 84-year-old care-home resident with established dementia has come back from hospital with a new diagnosis of widespread cancer. Her son, who holds a lasting power of attorney for her, has asked to see a doctor about what she should be told.
Reviewed and kept current
Station family: Ethics and law — a conversation with a relative · 8-minute station · 1 min 30 s reading · Last editorial review: 20 September 2026.
Read this as you would outside the room
You have 1 minute 30 seconds to read, then 8 minutes. Candidates: everything below this section is folded away — leave it closed until you have finished the station.
| Information | |
|---|---|
| Your role | Foundation Year 2 doctor in a general practice. Your supervising GP, Dr Khan, has asked you to meet Mr Fletcher and is available afterwards. |
| You are meeting | Mr Stephen Fletcher, 58 — the son of your patient. The patient is not present. |
| Patient | Mrs Dorothy Fletcher, 84, resident at Beechwood House care home for 18 months. Alzheimer’s disease diagnosed five years ago, now advanced. |
| Hospital letter (discharged three days ago) | Admitted with abdominal pain and vomiting. CT of the abdomen and pelvis: widespread peritoneal cancer with ascites, and multiple liver metastases; primary site uncertain. Decision of the hospital team with her son: no biopsy and no cancer treatment — best supportive care; prognosis likely to be weeks to a few months. Pain controlled on discharge; referred to the community palliative care team. Capacity: assessed on the ward as lacking capacity for decisions about investigating and treating the cancer — she could not retain the information for more than a few minutes. She was told the diagnosis once on the ward, with her son present. |
| Records | A lasting power of attorney (2022) naming Mr Fletcher is scanned into her notes. Dr Khan visited yesterday and recorded that Mrs Fletcher could not recall having been in hospital. |
Your task
For the actor and the examiner
1 · Actor script — role player only
Candidates: do not open until you have consulted.
Persona and manner
- Stephen Fletcher, 58, secondary-school caretaker. Married to Linda. You visit your mother Dorothy at Beechwood House every day after work. Your sister Karen lives in Toronto.
- Tired, close to tears at moments, and torn — you are not demanding anything. You want someone to help you work out the right thing to do. You have not slept properly since the hospital rang.
Opening line — say this verbatim
- “Thanks for seeing me, doctor. It’s about Mum. The home keep asking me what they should say to her — and I don’t know. Do we have to tell her she’s got cancer?”
Volunteer freely if given the space
- The hospital consultant told you the scan result by phone, and then told Mum on the ward with you there. She cried for the best part of an hour — “I’ve never seen her like that” — and by the time her tea came she had forgotten all of it and asked when she was going home.
- Since she came back she is comfortable most of the time. She asks the carers “why does my tummy hurt?” and “when am I going home?” several times a day.
- You understand what the scan showed and that no treatment is planned. You agreed with that — “she couldn’t cope with hospitals and needles”.
Only if asked
- The power of attorney: Mum made it in 2022, the year after she was diagnosed, while she could still decide that for herself — with the family solicitor. It is the health and welfare one (there is a separate one for her money). It came back stamped by the Office of the Public Guardian; you are the only attorney; she ticked the option that lets you decide about life-sustaining treatment; there are no special instructions. You have never had to use it for anything big before this week.
- She never wrote her wishes down — no living will or advance decision.
- What she would have wanted — give the next line only if the doctor asks what she was like, what she would have wanted, or whether she ever said anything about it (or at the minute-4 cue, or when invited to add anything).
- When Dad — Ron — was dying of bowel cancer twelve years ago she did not want the details; she asked the doctors to “talk to Stephen”. She said to you more than once: “If I ever get it, don’t tell me. I’d rather not know — just keep me comfortable.”
- What she asks now: about her tummy, and about going home — by which she means the house she grew up in. She has never asked “is it cancer?” or “am I dying?”. She settles quickly with a cup of tea and someone sitting with her. She knows you most days but cannot tell you what she had for lunch. Mornings are a little brighter, but nothing new stays with her for more than a few minutes.
- Karen: you spoke last night. She thinks “Mum has a right to know — she was always straight with us.” You ended up arguing. Karen is not an attorney. She is flying over in ten days.
- The home: the manager, Mrs Osei, wants to know what staff should say. One carer told Mum “it’s just a bit of wind”; another changed the subject. You did not like either.
- Resuscitation and hospital: nobody has talked to you about that. You would not want her “dragged back into hospital”; you would want her to stay at Beechwood, where she knows the faces.
- You: not sleeping, eating badly, back at work tomorrow. Linda is supportive. You have not seen your own GP.
Impact on daily life — the family and the home (only if asked)
- You lie awake rehearsing what to say to her. You have started to dread the visits you used to enjoy.
- You and Karen have not argued like this since Dad died.
- The carers are giving different answers, and Mum picks up on the awkwardness — she was unsettled and tearful the evening before last after one of them looked upset.
Ideas, concerns and expectations
- Idea: that telling her again would be cruel, because she will grieve as if for the first time and then lose it again — but you are not sure you are allowed to decide that.
- Concerns: that keeping it from her is lying to your own mother; that you could get into trouble as her attorney; that Karen will never forgive you.
- Expectation: that the doctor will tell you what the rules are, and help you decide — not just say “it’s up to you”.
Cues to deliver, timed
- Minute 2: “She cried for an hour in that hospital, and then it was gone. Gone. I can’t put her through that every day.”
- Minute 4, if her own past wishes have not been asked about: “She was never one for knowing, my mum — not even with Dad.”
If the doctor summarises and asks whether you want to add anything
- If her own wishes have not come out: “There is one thing. When Dad was ill she said to me, more than once, ‘If I ever get it, don’t tell me — just keep me comfortable.’ Does that count for anything?”
- If they have: “But what do I actually say when she asks why her tummy hurts? I’m not going to lie to her — but I can’t tell her that either.”
How to respond to the doctor
- If the doctor says flatly that she has a right to know and must be told: distressed — “So you’d make her go through that again? Every day?”
- If the doctor says “you’re the attorney, it’s your decision” and leaves it there: lost — “I came here because I don’t know what to do.”
- If the doctor simply agrees — “fine, we won’t tell her” — without asking anything about her: uneasy — “Is that it? Are we allowed to just decide that?”
- If the doctor asks what she would have wanted, weighs it up with you, and arrives at not bringing it up with her again — but never lying to her if she asks: visibly relieved — “That’s what she’d have wanted. I just needed to know it was all right.”
- If offered words to use when she asks about her tummy — honest, simple, comforting — you try them out loud and nod.
- Once a decision is forming: “And Karen? She’ll say I’ve gone behind Mum’s back.” If the doctor offers to speak to Karen with you, or to involve her when she arrives: grateful.
- If asked how you are: you well up — “Nobody’s asked me that.”
Do not
- Volunteer what your mother said when your father was dying unless the doctor asks about her wishes, her character or what she would have wanted — or until the minute-4 cue or the invitation to add anything.
- Demand that the diagnosis be kept from her. You are asking for help, not giving an instruction.
2 · Examiner mark sheet — generic scheme plus the key facts for this case
Domain marks — with the key facts that earn a 4 at this station
| Domain (GMC wording) · key facts for this case | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 · Data gathering, technical and assessment skills
| ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | /4 |
2 · Clinical management skills
| ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | /4 |
3 · Interpersonal skills
| ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | /4 |
| Station total | /12 |
Examiner's overall judgement (standard-setting only — it does not decide your result): ☐ Unsatisfactory ☐ Borderline ☐ Satisfactory ☐ Good
Marks are 1 to 4 in each domain; the generic descriptor for each mark is on the mark scheme page, and the structure of the eight minutes is on the 8-minute station page. The full standard for this case is in section 3 and the GMC feedback statements, with examples from this case, are in section 4.
3 · Expanded station-specific marking standard — what earns 4, 3, 2 and 1 here
The top row is the full picture of what a competent F2 could do at this station, including the working diagnosis with its justified differentials, the safety-net and the follow-up; lower rows describe how performance falls away. It is a debriefing aid, not a checklist to recite: nobody says every line in eight minutes, and a 4 is a judgement that the essentials — the italic key facts on the mark sheet — were done well, in plain language and at the patient’s pace. Acumen training standard — the GMC does not publish station mark sheets.
| Mark | Domain 1 · Data gathering, technical and assessment skills | Domain 2 · Clinical management skills | Domain 3 · Interpersonal skills |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4 |
|
|
|
| 3 | Her wishes and the hospital episode explored and the legal ground checked; one of Karen’s view, what the staff are currently saying, or the impact on him missing. | Sound best-interests reasoning and the right outcome, including honesty if she asks; one of seeing her, a shared approach for the home, documentation and the supervising GP, Karen, or forward planning missing. A different outcome reached by the same process — for example one more supported conversation at her best time of day with Karen present, then no more — is acceptable provided nobody lies to her and the decision is reviewed. | Kind and clear; slightly legalistic in places, or the son’s own wellbeing touched on only briefly. |
| 2 | Hears the story sympathetically but never asks what she would have wanted; capacity or the LPA taken as read; others’ views not sought. | Reaches “we won’t tell her” by sympathy rather than by process — her wishes not used, options not weighed; or no guidance on what to say when she asks; follow-up vague. | Sympathetic but hides behind process or jargon; the son’s guilt not addressed; little checking of understanding. |
| 1 | Treats it as a simple request to withhold information; asks little; moves straight to a rule. Or unsafe: no exploration — refuses to discuss his mother’s care with him, or agrees to whatever he says within the first minute because he is “the attorney” or “next of kin”. | Applies a rule without reasoning — “patients must always be told” or “it’s the attorney’s decision” — and leaves him with it; no plan for the home. Or unsafe: agrees that staff and family should deny the diagnosis or invent an explanation if she asks; promises that it will never be mentioned whatever she asks; insists on re-telling her regardless of distress; or refuses to involve the attorney at all. | Lectures on patients’ rights or on the attorney’s duties; he leaves more anxious than he arrived. Or unsafe: accuses him of wanting to deceive his mother, or is dismissive of the question. |
4 · GMC feedback statements — where underperformance was identified — with case-specific examples
A feedback statement marks where underperformance was identified in the consultation. With PLAB 2 results the GMC may attach any combination of the ten statements to a station — none, one or several. The right-hand column shows what each one looks like at this station. Record the statements that applied in the practice log.
| GMC feedback statement | Underperformance it signals (generic) | Case-specific examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1 · Consultation | Disorganised or unstructured consultation | Moves between the law, the cancer and the care home with no thread; no summary before the decision; the decision itself never clearly stated. |
| 2 · Issues | Key issues or priorities not recognised | Treats it as a breaking-bad-news or a “relative asks you to withhold” station and applies the capacitous-patient rule; does not recognise that this is a best-interests decision for a person who lacks capacity. |
| 3 · Time | Poor time management | Spends five minutes on the hospital admission and the scan; her wishes, the decision and what to say when she asks are squeezed into the last minute or never reached. |
| 4 · Findings | Abnormal findings or results, or their implications, not identified | Does not use what is in front of them — a recorded capacity assessment, a scanned LPA, “told once on the ward” — or does not grasp the meaning of “could not retain the information”; does not notice that the recorded assessment was about treatment, not about this decision. |
| 5 · Examination | Physical examination or use of instruments not competent | Not an examination station — the equivalent failure is not checking what the record leaves open: which kind of LPA it is and whether it is registered, whether she ever wrote her wishes down, and whether her understanding is better at some times than others. |
| 6 · Diagnosis | Working diagnosis or differential diagnoses not correct | No formulation: cannot say who the decision-maker is or on what basis the decision is made; “lacks capacity because she has dementia”; confuses a health and welfare LPA with next-of-kin status. |
| 7 · Management | Management plan not reflecting current best practice | “It’s up to you”, or “she has to be told”, or “fine, we won’t tell her” — with no weighing of options, no wording for her questions, no plan for the care staff, nobody going to see her, nothing recorded, nothing said about what the home should do if her pain or distress worsens, no review. |
| 8 · Rapport | Rapport and sensitivity to the patient’s feelings and concerns not shown | Goes straight to the law while he is in tears; no acknowledgement of his distress or his guilt; never asks how he is. |
| 9 · Listening | Verbal and non-verbal cues not used; poor active listening | Misses “she was never one for knowing, my mum” — the opening to her past wishes; never invites him to add anything, so her own words — “if I ever get it, don’t tell me” — are never heard. |
| 10 · Language | Language or explanations not understandable; understanding not checked | “Under section 4 of the MCA, as donee of the LPA you are the decision-maker, subject to the best-interests checklist” — with no translation. |
5 · Examiner points of fact and guidelines
Points of fact the examiner should have to hand
- Mental Capacity Act 2005, the five principles (s1): presume capacity; support the person to decide; an unwise decision is not incapacity; anything done for a person who lacks capacity must be in their best interests; and choose the less restrictive option. Capacity is decision-specific and time-specific — a diagnosis of dementia does not establish it (s2–3: understand, retain, use or weigh, communicate). NICE NG108: the capacity assessment for the decision in question must be recorded before a best-interests decision is made — here the ward’s assessment covered treatment, so her capacity to take in and retain information about her illness is assessed and recorded for this decision too.
- Best interests (s4): not based on age, appearance or condition; consider whether capacity may return; permit and encourage the person to take part as far as they can (s4(4)) — which is why someone must see Mrs Fletcher, not only her son; take into account their past and present wishes and feelings — especially anything written — and their beliefs and values (s4(6)); and consult, where practicable, anyone named by the person, carers, those interested in their welfare, and any attorney (s4(7)). An advance decision can only refuse treatment (ss24–26), so her “don’t tell me” is not binding — it is a past wish under s4(6), and a weighty one. It is what is best for her — not what the family, or the doctor, would want for themselves.
- Health and welfare LPA (s9–11): valid only once registered with the Office of the Public Guardian; can be used only when the donor lacks capacity for the decision; covers consent to or refusal of treatment, but life-sustaining treatment only if the LPA expressly says so; the attorney must act in the donor’s best interests. Check it — the stamped document, the online “Use a lasting power of attorney” access code (LPAs registered in England and Wales on or after 1 January 2016), or a search of the Office of the Public Guardian’s register. “Next of kin” has no legal authority to decide; a property and financial affairs LPA does not cover health decisions.
- Who decides? Where a decision falls within a registered LPA, the attorney is the decision-maker; the clinician’s role is to inform and advise — without pressure — and to be satisfied that the decision is in the person’s best interests. For everything else it is the professional responsible for the act. In practice — as here — it is reached together and recorded. If the clinicians are not satisfied that an attorney’s decision is in the person’s best interests, or the family cannot agree: discuss, seek a second opinion, hold a best-interests meeting, and ultimately apply to the Court of Protection (NICE NG108; MCA Code of Practice, chapters 5, 7 and 15). An attorney cannot require a clinician to deceive a patient: honesty is the doctor’s own professional duty.
- The contrast to know: for a patient with capacity, a relative’s request to withhold a diagnosis cannot be followed. GMC, Decision making and consent: you should not withhold information a patient needs to make a decision unless giving it would cause serious harm — which “means more than that the patient might become upset” — and not because someone close to them asks you to (paras 14–15). Here the patient cannot make the decision, cannot retain the information, and said in the past that she would not want to know: a different question, answered by a best-interests process — not by the family’s preference. Patients who lack capacity must still be involved as far as they want and are able (GMC; NICE NG97) — so the outcome is “not raised again”, never “kept from her if she asks”.
- Truth-telling in dementia: the Mental Health Foundation’s inquiry (“What is truth?”, 2016) looked at how to respond when a person with dementia experiences a different reality; applied here by analogy, it recommends starting as close to the whole truth as possible and moving away from it only to avoid unnecessary distress — finding the meaning and emotion behind a question, and comforting, come long before any untruth, and an outright lie is a last resort. It also asks that responses are consistent across family and staff, and that what works is written down and shared. Agreeing not to keep re-breaking bad news is compatible with this; instructing staff to deny the diagnosis is not. Doctors must be honest and trustworthy (GMC, Good medical practice).
- Confidentiality: information may be shared with an attorney who needs it to make decisions, and — when a patient lacks capacity — with those close to them where that is in the patient’s best interests (GMC, Confidentiality). Karen is not an attorney, but she is someone “interested in her welfare” whose views should be sought; what is shared with her is itself a best-interests judgement.
- Looking ahead (NICE NG142; NG97 section 1.10, palliative care in dementia): community palliative care, anticipatory planning and medicines, preferred place of care, avoiding burdensome admission, and a ReSPECT conversation with the attorney. CPR: if it could not work it is not offered — a clinical judgement, explained to the attorney. If it might, the question is her best interests: where the health and welfare LPA expressly covers life-sustaining treatment — as Mrs Fletcher’s does — the attorney may refuse CPR on her behalf and that refusal must be respected; where it does not, the senior clinician responsible decides after consulting the attorney and those close to her, before any DNACPR decision is recorded. Nobody, attorney included, can require CPR that the clinician judges clinically inappropriate. Carers are entitled to an assessment and support.
- Jurisdiction: the Mental Capacity Act 2005 applies in England and Wales. Scotland has the Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000 (welfare power of attorney), and Northern Ireland the Mental Capacity Act (Northern Ireland) 2016. The principles tested here are the same.
Where candidates lose marks at this station
- Applying the capacitous-patient rule: “she has a right to know, so she must be told.”
- “You’re the attorney — it’s up to you.”
- Agreeing in the first minute — no questions about her, and no plan for anyone to see her.
- Never asking what she would have wanted.
- No answer to “what do I say when she asks?”
- Letting the home carry on with “it’s just a bit of wind”.
Guidelines for this station
- Mental Capacity Act 2005 — Code of Practice (chapters 5, 7 and 15)
- Mental Capacity Act 2005, section 4 — Best interests
- NICE NG108 — Decision-making and mental capacity
- GMC — Decision making and consent
- GMC — Treatment and care towards the end of life
- GOV.UK — Using a lasting power of attorney (Office of the Public Guardian)
- GOV.UK — Find out if someone has a registered attorney or deputy
- Mental Health Foundation — What is truth? An inquiry about truth and lying in dementia care
- Resuscitation Council UK — ReSPECT
6 · MLA content map tags for this case
| MLA content map | This station |
|---|---|
| Domain 1 · Areas of clinical practice | Medicine of the older adult · Palliative and end of life care |
| Domain 3 · Clinical and professional capabilities | Capacity, consent and confidentiality · Legal and ethical responsibilities · Communication with patients, relatives and carers · Palliative and end of life care · Using and recording information safely |
| Domain 5 · Patient presentations | Mental capacity concerns · End of life care/ symptoms of terminal illness · Memory loss · Death and dying |
| Domain 6 · Conditions | Dementias (including Alzheimer dementia, Lewy-Body dementia, frontotemporal dementia, vascular dementia) · Metastatic cancer |
| Station family | Acute care, ethics and safeguarding — Ethics and law — a conversation with a relative |
7 · My marks and reflection — practice log form
Record your three domain marks, your station total, the GMC feedback statements that applied (where underperformance was identified), and what you will keep and change. The form is already labelled with this case and its web address; a copy of your entry is emailed to you, so your practice log builds up in your inbox and can be downloaded.
Record my marks and reflection for P2-19
Revision link for this case: acumenprimarycare.com/plab-2-osce/case-19-do-we-have-to-tell-her
Independence & scope. Independent, formative training material from MD Acumen Ltd. Not affiliated with, endorsed by, or delivered on behalf of the General Medical Council. The GMC does not publish its station mark sheets: every mark scheme and descriptor on these pages is an Acumen training tool calibrated to the GMC's published marking domains, feedback statements and the MLA content map. Practice scores are not a prediction of examination performance. Clinical content reflects UK guidance at the date of editorial review — always check the current guideline. All patients are fictional.
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