European Health Policy and the Prevention of Cardiometabolic Multiple Long-Term Conditions

Seminar — policy, 2 h. European competence in health and the limits set by subsidiarity. The European Health Union and how health priorities are set. Regulation against directive, and why the distinction reaches the consulting room. The European cardiovascular health plan: pillars, instruments, and the national strategies through which it is implemented.

Comparative material. The United Kingdom cardiovascular framework of July 2026 — its priorities, its risk-factor construct, its national standards with three- and ten-year ambitions, and its equity measures — read as a fully worked national implementation.

Workshop — clinical, 3 h. Staging and risk across the spectrum. The four-stage cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic construct and its clinical use. European risk estimation with SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP, contrasted with the PREVENT equations. The European Atherosclerosis Society staging of systemic metabolic disorders as an alternative construct. Case-based classification.

Seminar — policy, 2 h. The European Health Data Space: architecture, timelines, primary against secondary use, safeguards, and its relevance to population cardiometabolic surveillance. The European Artificial Intelligence Act: risk tiers, obligations attaching to high-risk medical artificial intelligence, and the interface with medical device regulation. Health technology assessment and cross-border care.

Comparative material. United Kingdom population health management tooling, risk stratification, wearables and remote monitoring, point-of-care and self-sampling, and the emerging regulatory settlement for artificial intelligence in healthcare.

Workshop — clinical, 3 h. Digital phenotyping and multifactorial risk. What wearable and remote-monitoring data can and cannot yet support, with the evidence caveats stated rather than assumed. Polygenic and integrated risk scores: added value, limits and current clinical utility. Governance in practice — consent, secondary use, algorithmic fairness.

Seminar — policy, 2 h. European policy on obesity, the food environment and cardiovascular risk. Access, reimbursement and health technology assessment for incretin-based therapy across European systems, compared with the United Kingdom position on therapy for reducing major adverse cardiovascular events in people with cardiovascular disease and overweight or obesity.

Workshop — clinical, 3 h. The convergent clinical spectrum, taught from European sources with international comparison.

Seminar — policy, 2 h. Why cardiovascular mortality gains have stalled. Health inequality as a policy object across deprivation, sex, ethnicity and inclusion health. Proportionate universalism and the principles of equitable implementation. Audit and benchmarking as instruments of health governance. Project scaffolding.

Workshop — clinical, 3 h. Combined pharmacological and behavioural prevention. Treatment to target across blood pressure, lipids, glycaemia and weight. Behaviour change as core clinical practice rather than adjunct: brief intervention, motivational method, structured programmes, digitally supported pathways. Adherence as a measurable clinical target. Cardiac rehabilitation, smoking cessation and physical activity within the pathway.